Sample Master Application Essay - Learn How to Use One

Sample Master Application Essay - Learn How to Use OneSample Master Application Essay is available in two forms. They can be purchased as a pack of two or as an individual Essay which will also have other sample applications included. This is so that you do not have to purchase them all at once, making it easy for you to get a set.With a few clicks on the internet, you can browse through the internet for multiple sample application essays. Then pick and choose the ones that you like. Although many of these Essays will contain the same information, the ones that have been compiled for the older versions may have been updated and have been adapted for today's application, making them even more useful.What makes this even better is that each one of these sample application essays is specifically written for the students of that particular school. The quality of the writer is usually judged by their ability to write a coherent essay. When using one of these Essays, they should always rem ember that the college has guidelines that govern how they should construct the essay.Writing sample Essays is also something that can be very time consuming. It takes several hours to complete one of these Essays, depending on how extensive the subject matter and style of writing are. Also, unless they are all perfect, there will be times when some parts of the essay may have to be changed due to the change in the curriculum. This could result in hours of rewriting the essay.By using a wide variety of different Essays, you can choose the one that fits you best. These Essays are used by individuals, and as such, will not contain the mistakes of the most of the people. In addition, when using these Essays, individuals can have the freedom to use more than one Essay. They can include the Essay in a series of Essays and make it a combination.The best way to get the Essay is to get one of the master's application essay books. These Essays contain almost all the Essays that are available from every school. This makes it easy for you to find the type of essay that you need to apply to your school.You can write your own personal thesis or to write about any topic you may have been interested in in the past. When using an Essay, it is important to try to focus on your subject rather than yourself. You will not be able to get into the college you want if you focus on your ego.

Importance of Innovation free essay sample

Nevertheless, for the purposes of this study, it is important to have a clear framework that captures the core of the academic definitions and matches this with the reality of business practices. This is drawn out from the iterate as follows. 2. 1. 1 Diversity Diversity can be defined from a policy and legal perspective across 6 clear demographic strands: gender, age, race ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion beliefs, and disability. This demographic and non-cognitive definition has now become broadly accepted as the core legal understanding across the European union.For businesses, large and small across Europe, this deflation Is to greater or lesser extent embraced In their policies and practices dependent on the specific legislation in each country and their own willingness to engage with diversity as an issue in its own right. Many will also add other non-cognitive considerations, most commonly nationality, to this definition. Yet, in understanding the significance of diversity for innovation it is also important to go beyond the purely demographic definition, to get under the surface of this strand specific approach and consider the learned aspects of difference. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The learning styles and attributes of Individuals and even communities include different knowledge acquisition, and communication styles, educational history, personal skills, professional abilities and functional expertise. Businesses also recognize this dimension to diversity, particularly in elation to innovation, as for example some will seek to bring together cross- functional teams to encourage the generation of new ideas. In reviewing the literature as well as the policies of successful companies what Is revealed Is a complex Interplay between the different dimensions of diversity as defined above and the understanding of deliverers role in Innovation. While the focus of this study will be on the demographic definition, this is not to the exclusion of the cognitive/learned dimension. 2. 1. 2 Innovation Innovation, meanwhile, is also a multidimensional term, displaying subjective and objective traits.Subjective traits of innovation Include the processes of creativity and Orlando thinking, the communication of creative and original thinking to others, and the uptake of those ideas by others. Here thinking relates to all areas of company activity, including everyday operations and problems, through the research and development of new or existing products, to the sourcing of new suppliers and expansion into new markets. Objective traits of innovation include the structures within which such ideas are thought about, transmitted to, and taken up by others, ND the output and outcome In terms of definable benefits.The success that a subjective raw materials of innovation creative thinking by individuals or groups can be harnessed by the objective structures of innovation. For the purposes of this study, innovation is best defined as the generation and introduction of new ideas, which lead to the development of new products and services, processes, and systems in all areas of business activity. In relation to diversity, then, subjective innovation might be said to stem from the cognitive diversity that visible and non-visible forms of diversity imply.However, the ability of diverse individuals to communicate creative and original thinking to others, and the willingness of those others to listen and respond to such ideas, might be constrained by institutional and non-institutional forms of discriminati on, including the degree to which the company has a culture of inclusion and the objective structures of organizations within which creative and innovative thinking takes place. As such, any attempt at encouraging latent creativity and innovation within and through diverse workforces must be linked with wider management processes and practices in the businesses of themselves.

Ethical Issues in Supply Chain

Ethical Issues in Supply Chain Introduction Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the integration of critical business operations in order to efficiently provide products and services to customers (Tariq Rehman, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in Supply Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relationships along the supply chain generally tend to show how collaborating companies come together to offer reliable services that enable them retain their customers. Zaratà ©, Belaud and Camilleri (2008), defined a supply chain as a set of three or more companies linked together by the flow of products, finance, services, and information in an ideally seamless web. In the supply chain, companies move things, make things, store things, and throw things away. It is a part of an organization’s strategy to stay ahead of its competitors. Supply chain management thus has to do with the integration of both ethical and operational practic es of a company and is a proven way to reduce the chances of a company being seen to be irresponsible. This paper addresses the general nature of a supply chain as a human artifact with the potential for greatness and for failure like any other. The exact nature of the possible failures and successes are discussed, and the ethical issues are highlighted with regard to finance, research and development, and supplier/vendor management. E-commerce and Supply Chain Today, supply chain is widely recognized as a means of shortening cycle time, reducing inventories, decreasing logistic costs, and streamlining communication processes across a network. It is a mechanism through which diverse organizations are able to form alliances to meet a new form of Internet oriented consumer demand. For companies intending to take their supply chain to positions of market leadership, the addition of e-commerce services is a distinct advantage (Poirier Bauer, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For many firms, e-commerce provides a strong foundation on which the supply chain can be built and strengthened. The availability of the Internet infrastructure and accompanying services present an incredible opportunity for companies to form supply chain networks that are smooth and effective. According to Ferrell and Hartline (2010), the goal of a supply chain is to facilitate the flow of goods or services across a network. This is, however, best achieved by ensuring that there is a smooth flow of information. Without an effective way of exchanging information, supply chain performance will be affected. E-commerce is thus an effective means of integrating customers and suppliers via the Web. Ethical Issues in Supply Chain According to Ferrell and Hartline (2010), true supply chain integration requires a fundamental change in how channel members work together. Among th ese changes is a move from a win-lose competitive attitude to a win-win collaborative approach in which there is a common realization that all firms in the supply chain must prosper. Rather than selling to the next level in the chain, channel members focus on selling products through the channel, to a satisfied customer. Information flows are meant to move from guarded secrecy to open, honest and frequent communications (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). In doing this, however, there are many ethical issues that must be addressed in order to satisfy the expectations of supply chain members. Generally, ethical questions center on whether actions are right or wrong, good or bad, bringing good or harm, are praise worthy or worthy of blame.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in Supply Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Achieving a high degree of channel integration is a challenging task and the reasons for this are almost easily noticeable. In the first place, each firm has its own mission, goals, objectives, and strategies that are unique to it. Secondly, the recognition and acceptance of mutual interdependence within the supply chain goes against our natural self interest seeking tendencies (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). The following subsections look at some of these issues classified into three broad categories. Under each category, ethical issues are discussed with regard to the topics of finance, research and development, and supplier/vendor management. Regulatory Issues Financially, adherence to accounting rules and regulations is an important regulatory issue. It is wrong for any supply chain member to indulge in any form of corruption that may affect other supply chain members. Supply chain management professionals must therefore take it upon themselves to alert senior management of any suspicious activities that could affect supply chain performance. As far as research and developmen t is concerned, all the supply chain members have an obligation to ensure that relevant regulatory guidelines are followed strictly. Although compliance with product related regulations such as the EU directive on restriction of hazardous substances is primarily the responsibility of manufacturing departments, supply chain professionals must ensure that their research and development activities do not go against such directives.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also necessary for supply chain professionals to be aware of the main regulatory issues raised by the existing diversity of regulations in different countries. The geographic range of governmental regulation extends from planning commissions via regional, state, and national governments to global and intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations or European Union. A recent example of an international, intergovernmental agreement of relevance to supply chains is the Kyoto Protocol which entered into force in 2005. The protocol established binding requirements for the reduction of certain green house gas emissions at national, and consequently, at company level. With regard to supplier/vendor management, it is the responsibility of each member of the supply chain to ensure that all regulatory issues are observed. In most countries, regulatory issues have to do with carriage and handling of goods, employment and working conditions, road safety, drivers’ hours, health and safety, pollution prevention, environmental protection, noise protection and many others. Besides these complexities, there is also a growing variety of regulatory instruments directly or indirectly related to logistics and transport. These include laws, directives, technical specifications, bans, and rules. To guarantee that the supply chain relationship operates smoothly, all members of the chain must be accountable. Every member should seek to protect the interests of other supply chain members and any company that refuses to comply with the regulatory requirements should be warned. Legal Issues Financially, any disagreements that end up in the courts will lead to huge financial loses to the involved parties. Such misunderstandings eventually damage the reputation of the affected supply chain partners in the eyes of the public. In most cases, small firms in the supply chain are made to suffer if the big firms decide to make nasty decisions (Zaratà © et al, 2008). Con sider the case of a manufacturer who operates through a dealer network. If the manufacturer chooses to distribute through its own factory outlets in addition to the dealer network, a number of ethical issues with financial implications may arise. The dealer may, for example, start distributing products from other firms in addition, switch completely to another manufacturer, move to court in case the involved parties had a contract signed and there is proof that the other party has not honored their part of the deal. This is certainly not inspiring and, depending on the dealer’s power in the market, the company may have a reason to be worry as the dealer may decide to respond in a way that may harm the company. With their meager resources, small firms may not be in a position to engage in lengthy legal tussles. Any involvement by such firms in legal wars will only serve to create financial problems. Under research and development, all supply chain members must be ready to abid e by the agreed upon rules. Any research and development activities must be undertaken in line with the existing legal requirements. Supply chain professionals must be familiar with legal requirements in different geographical areas so as to ensure that any research done does not put the supply chain members at risk. A common error is the lack of respect for intellectual property rights. This is a crime that if discovered could prompt the offended party to open a legal suit against the offending supply chain member. It is therefore essential for all supply chain members to respect and protect intellectual property rights. When it comes to supplier/vendor management, all supply chain members must do their best to protect any private information linked to a particular chain partner. In most situations, leakage of private information easily creates an environment of mistrust and this can affect the performance of the supply chain. Although there are cases where it is common for private information to be shared among members of the supply chain, including those who are competitors of the firm that gave the information, this may sometimes be taken wrongly. Therefore, it is important for supply chain members to know when it is in order to share private information and when doing so will constitute a serious criminal offence that could see the end of the supply chain relationship and give rise to a civil law suit (Zaratà © et al, 2008). Ethical Issues For most firms, a reduction in the number of employees is an important cost cutting element. There are, however, ethical and unethical ways of going about the downsizing task. The less ethical way is an abrupt shutdown of a facility without notice (Neef, 2004). If not handled ethically, this can lead to a damaged reputation for the company. As an example, Caterpillar has never recovered from the local loss of reputation it incurred in the United Kingdom from its abrupt closure of a factory. It is important to treat peo ple as an end in themselves and never just as a means to an end (Zaratà © et al, 2008). A firm that understands the art of dealing with people will seek to remove them by redeployment, by voluntary release supported by a payout, by providing counseling and consultancy and, perhaps by providing an office and a phone to assist them in their job search. A reputation for being a good employer in bad times is likely to give firm a great advantage when business picks up again (Neef, 2004). Clearly, the way downsizing is carried out will have severe financial implications on the supply chain members. Unfortunately, a mistake by one member of the supply chain may equally affect other supply chain members. When a downsizing activity is not properly handled by a particular chain member, the smoothness of the supply chain operations may be interfered with and may be left in an unhappy state. This in turn creates a wrong impression of the affected companies in the eyes of the customers and eve ntually, loss of income to the supply chain members. It is therefore important for all supply chain members to take a human approach in handling issues that may eventually interfere with cash flow. Unlike in the past, business organizations are today faced with pressure from various sources including government, consumer forums, and competition to improve upon working conditions in their supply chain. As far as research and development is concerned, supply chain professionals must ensure that all supply chain members undertake their activities in a selfless manner. Every supply chain member must carry out honest research that is directed towards ensuring that the customer receives the best products or services. No avenues should exist for supply chain members to take advantage of and carry out substandard research. At the supplier/vendor management level, a number of issues may arise given that supply chain members possess different resources, skills, and advantages that may lead to varying degrees of authority or power in managing or controlling the activities across a supply chain. Depending on how it is used by a channel member, power can create considerable conflict, or it can make the entire supply chain operate more smoothly and effectively. The different types of power include expert power, reward power, legitimate power, coercive power, and referent power (Rendtorff, 2009). It is unethical for any supply chain member to use power to treat others unfairly. Conclusion In the present business environment, where stiff competition is the order of the day, it is not enough to be an ethical company. The choice of partners is equally an important consideration and must be taken seriously. Generally, the adoption of ethical practices may have positive effects on brand image, perception and loyalty both in customers and in suppliers. Failure to have ethical policies or to apply them in practice exposes members of the supply chain to significant risks with respec t to both brand perception and legal issues. As has been demonstrated in this paper, a number of ethical issues must be considered in a supply chain context. To protect themselves from allegations of social irresponsibility, organizations need to consider very carefully those companies they do business with. Although carrying out a thorough financial audit of potential partners is important, any firm that intends to form a supply chain must be ready to go an extra mile in understanding partners. Focusing only on financial viability of a potential partner may ultimately have an adverse impact on the operations of a supply chain member. To some stakeholders, effective management of the issues in supply chain is one of the indicators of how well a company is ethically run. Supply chain members are therefore left with no option but to work extremely hard in ensuring that an effective and ethically managed supply chain exists. By so doing, the collaborating companies will be able to reta in their loyal customers and attract new customers. References Ferrell, O. C. Hartline, M. (2010). Marketing Strategy. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Neef, D. (2004). The Supply Chain Imperative. New York, NY: AMACOM Division of American Management Association. Poirier, C. C. Bauer, M. J. (2001). E-Supply Chain: Using the Internet to Revoltionize Your Business: How Market Leaders Focus Their Entire Organization to Driving Value to Customers. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Rendtorff, J. D. (2009). Responsibility, Ethics and Legitimacy of Corporations. Copenhagen, Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press DK. Tariq, M. Rehman, S. (2012). From Suppliers’ Supplier to the Buyers’ Buyers A Relationship Perspective. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (11): 604 – 610. Zaratà ©, P., Belaud, J. P. Camilleri, G. (2008). Collaborative Decision Making: Perspectives and Challenges. Fairfax, VA: IOS Press, Inc.

Canadas Retail Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Canadas Retail Sector - Essay Example The retail sector currently plays a vital role in Canada’s marketplace. During the 2009 recession, the retail sector experienced a fall in demand. However, in 2006-2012, sales increased by 17%. The total retail sales in 2013 amounted to 482 billion, which was slightly below the predicted sales of $483 billion. The projection of 2014 sales has been placed at 493 billion. The Canadian government regulations are working towards ensuring that businesses are able to negotiate contract agreements amongst themselves. Retail business holiday rules and regulations in Canada vary from one province to another. Therefore, retailers need to review retail business holiday regulations in their areas. For instance, there are no laws preventing retailers from opening in Alberta, but in New Brunswick, most retailers are not allowed to open during Holidays. Canada hosts several multinational retailers operating such as Reebok, Wal-Mart, Daiei (a Japanese company), and K-Mart, which is an Austral ian corporation among others.

Lab report (exercise physiology unit) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(exercise physiology unit) - Lab Report Example determine Heart Rate training zones, recovery and much more.   Lactate is a metabolic product that can be measured by taking a drop of blood at a finger tip the same way diabetics monitor their blood sugar level.   The blood lactate level increases with exercise intensity and shows clearly the transition from aerobic to anaerobic activity.   Since the measurement is completely individual it gives a precise method for testing and monitoring training intensity and recovery.   (FaCT Canada Consulting Ltd, n.d.) Two body fat tests were performed on a 22-year old male named Dave. Firstly, skinfold measurement was done. In this case two methods were employed namely, Jackson and Pollack Method (1978) and Durnin and Wormersely Method (1974). Secondly, Dave underwent a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). The table below shows the data gathered from the two body composition tests. Using the formula to calculate the percent body fat for Jackson and Pollack Method and using the table provided for Durnin and Wormersely Method the percent body fats are 5.6 and ~12.9 respectively. The percent body fat calculated showed a discrepancy thus using skinfold method measurements is not a valid predictor of percent body fat; however they can be used as a monitoring device to indicate changes in body composition over time. Dave’s Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) provided a percent body fat of 16%. According to the table above Dave fall under the description of ‘Fitness’ thus we can say that his percent body fat is appropriate and acceptable for his age. The table above shows a part of the blood lactate test results of Dave. We can observe the significant increase of heat rate as the time of exercise progressed. Blood lactate concentration, and changes in it, result from the balance between adding lactic acid to the blood, and the clearance of lactate from the blood by muscle and the heart for metabolic purposes. At rest and low exercise intensities, lactic acid’s

Infectious Diseases: Causes, Effects and Treatments

Infectious Diseases: Causes, Effects and Treatments Introduction Infectious diseases or communicable diseases are those caused from pathological microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions, etc, which can spread from one person to another by direct or indirect means. Infectious diseases can also spread from animals to man or vice-versa (WHO, 2010). Throughout history, microorganisms, the causative organisms for infectious diseases have been playing an active role. Many native populations during the middle Ages have been destroyed by plagues. The Europeans when tried to conquer Australia, Africa and Americas had initially used microorganisms to destroy the native populations. However, the infectious diseases have had a serious effect on the fauna and flora. There were huge causes of morbidity and mortality, but in the 20th century developed nations had lower rates of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. The major reasons why there was control over the infectious diseases during the later part of the 20th centur y was due to the development of antibiotics, eradication of small pox through vaccination, improvement in the living conditions and sanitations, etc. However, in the developing nations, infectious diseases are a major cause of death. In the year 1993, about 51 million people died, out of which 16.4 million about 35% were from infectious diseases. In the sub-Saharan African regions about 70 % of the worldwide infectious disease deaths occur. Developed nations account for 10% of the worldwide infectious disease deaths (Wilson, 1995). Today, serious changes are made with the environment of the earth such that certain propulsions and groups are becoming vulnerable to certain infectious diseases. Not only have antibiotics made it easier to fight microorganisms but the abuse of the same has resulted in the microbes developing resistance. Besides, many insect vectors are becoming more and more resistant to various pesticides being used. Today there are several emerging infectious such Ebola, H1N1, H5N1, Lassa fever, etc, due to the changing environmental circumstances. In the year 1993, more than 400000 people from Milwaukee US were affected with the epidemic of cryptosporidiosis. In the Southwest people died from pulmonary disease caused due to Hantavirus infection. Not only are the humans affected with infectious diseases but also various other species of domesticated and wild animals (Wilson, 1995). With History, major changes have undergone with respect to the infectious disease map of the world. In the 20th century, many diseases have spread from tropical to temperate regions and have crossed marine barriers including the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean. More than 14.2 million people each year die from infectious diseases. On the other hand, heart disease kills about 10 million people each year. The most common infectious disease killer is acute respiratory infectious with 3.7 million deaths each year, followed by HIV/AIDS with 2.8 million deaths, diarrheal group of diseases with 1.7 million deaths, malaria with 1 million deaths and measles with 0.8 million deaths. As sanitation and poor living conditions can increase the risk of infectious diseases, such problems are more common in the lower socioeconomic groups. The WHO has predicted that during the next ten years that infectious disease would reduce by about 3 % due to improvement in the living conditions (Bonita, 2006). In the ICD-9 Listing, codes 1 to 113 are given infectious and parasitic disease codes. It is found that about 83% of all deaths from infectious diseases are from range of symptoms outside the classical ICD mentioned criteria (Norman, 1998). With a number of infectious such as diphtheria, chicken pox, measles, feco-oral infections, cholera, rotavirus infection, etc, seasonal variations play a vital role, in the temperate and the tropical regions of the world. The mechanism by which this is occurring is not understood clearly. Certain reasons may be applicable for the seasonal variations of a disease:- Seasonability has several factors and a lot depends on local factors Depending on the characteristics of the infections epidemics or peak in incidences can occur at different times of the year There may be an interaction of pathogens that may affect the spread of another infection Hence, depending on these criteria vaccination can be used to block the spread of the infection (Nicholas C. Grassly, 2006). Infectious diseases may not just involve one person or a particular community or a population. Often more than one population may be affected across a region or a nation. Besides, infectious diseases can also affect animals including goats (Echinococcus), dogs (rabies), birds (H5N1), etc. Classification The listing of the ICD-9 Codes for Infectious diseases includes:- Intestinal Infectious Diseases 001 to 009 Tuberculosis 010 to 018 Zoonotic Bacterial Infectious 020 to 027 Other bacterial Infectious (such as leprosy, diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc) 030 to 041 HIV 042 to 044 Poliomyelitis, kuru, CJD, etc 045 to 049 Virus with exanthema 050 to 059 Arthropod borne virus infection 060 to 066 Other diseases caused by virus and Chlamydia (such as hepatitis A, B C, rabies, trachoma, warts, etc) 070 to 079 Rickettsia and other arthropod infections (080 to 088) Syphilis and other venereal diseases (gonorrhea, urethritis, etc) 090 to 099 Other Spirochete infections such as yaws, pinta, etc 100 to 104 Mycoses or fungal infectious 110 to 118 Helmenthic or worm infestation 120 to 129 Other infections 130 to 136 Late effects of infections 137 to 139 (ICD-9 codes) Transmission Infectious diseases are transmitted by two means, namely the direct and indirect means. Direct means includes contact with the infected person who comes in contact with the normal person. Through contact, infections can spread by three means, the first two include horizontal means and the third include vertical transmission. Infectious diseases usually spread by direct transfer of the infected fluids or secretions from one individual to another. There may be several means of person to person transmission including sharing infected needles, sexual contact, kissing, blood transfusion, sneezing, coughing, mucosa to mucosa, etc. Direct contact would also include contact with infected animals or handling contaminated animal wastes. The vertical transmission is by means of the infected mother to the baby. Infections again can be transmitted by different means at different periods. When the unborn baby is in the uterus, it can get infected from the mother. Certain infections can be transmit ted across the placenta and include bacteria (such as syphilis, listeriosis), viruses (such as CM Virus, AIDS, German measles), and protozoans (such as toxoplasmosis) (Lee Goldman, 2007). The effect on the fetus may range from fetal infections, lesions, mental retardation, physical growth retardation, multi-organ defects, birth defects, aborted, etc (Dorak, 2009). On the other hand, infection can spread to the baby during passage of the baby through the infected birth canal. Lastly, infection can spread through contaminated breast milk of the mother during nursing (Lee Goldman, 2007). Exposure to the infectious agents can result in various outcomes including no infection, clinical infection, sub-clinical infection or carrier status. Clinical infection can result death, carrier status and further immunity or no immunity against the disease. Sub-clinical infection can result in carrier status, immunity or no immunity against the disease (Dorak, 2009). Infectious diseases can also spread through indirect methods which include contaminated objects, personal items, food borne, waterborne, vector borne, air-borne, ting-borne and surfaces. For example, common cold can spread by using contaminated towels. Various bacterial, viral and parasitic infections can spread through vectors or carriers such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice, ticks, etc. Infectious diseases can also be transmitted from one individual to another through contaminated food or water or the oro-fecal route. Consuming uncooked, undercooked or raw foods, unsuitable drinking water, etc, can cause infectious. For example, in Latin America, there is evidence through PCR diagnostic tests that H. pylori cause gastric problems (Lee Goldman, 2007). Certain individuals may be at a higher risk of getting infected which includes those with autoimmune disorders, those who have undergone an organ transplant and are taking immunosuppressant, those consuming corticosteroids and those infected with HIV/AIDS. The other risk factors that play a role in the development of the infectious diseases may include age, race, sex, socioeconomic status, geo-location, medication use, illegal drug use, history of travel, etc (Sherwood, 2004). The mode of causation of an infectious disease is by an interaction of internal factors and environmental factors. An infection may arise as a result of a triad of factors affecting the system including the host, agent and the environment. The host factors include age, sex, gene-type, mental makeup, nutritional makeup, immune status, and health makeup. The environmental factors include air, water, sanitation, psychosocial status, geography, housing, food, healthcare delivery system, etc. The agent factors include pathogenicity of the organism (ability to cause disease), infectivity (ability to cause infection), virulence (ability to cause death), immunogenicity, survival and antigenic capabilities (Dorak, 2009). The entire natural cycle of the infection would ensure that the infectious agent is at the business end. The infectious agent would enter the host or reservoir and then exit from the body, carried by a mode of transmission and enter another persons body. It would result in infection in a susceptible host. Koch bought out certain postulates for infections. In each case, the organism is present. The organism can be isolated or grown in each culture. Once each individual is exposed to the agent, the disease as such can be reproduced. From each of the infected individuals, the pathogen can be isolated. Symptoms An individual suffering from an infectious disease may present with no symptoms, symptoms which are not definitive, mild symptoms, or serious symptoms with complications. The period between the exposure of the individual to the infectious organism and the appearance of the first symptom may vary from a few days (in the case of chicken pox, malaria, etc), months to a few years (in the case of HIV). Infectious disease can produce a range of symptoms including:- Fever Chills and rigors Bleeding of the gums and periodontal diseases Epistaxis Sore throat Anorexia Tiredness Body pain Dyspnea and breathing problems Headache Fever with seizures Swelling or a rash Malaise Enlargement of the regional lymph nodes along with tenderness Diarrhea and dysentery Bloody stools Yellowness of the skin and the tongue Paleness Skin lesions or skin rash Blood shot eyes (in the case of conjunctivitis) Burning sensation whilst passing urine Abscess or a draining sinus Pain, swelling from the affected site along with a rise in the temperature Gastritis Spread of the bacteria, along with the toxin in the blood Diagnosis The diagnosis of Infectious disease is made based on the history, physical examination, signs, symptoms, analysis of the tissue samples, microscopy, culture, blood tests, urine tests, molecular diagnosis and other methods. The history includes details of the personal history, history of travel, family history, social history, occupational history and epidemiology (Paul G. Engelkirk, 2007). Body samples of urine, CSF, nasal secretions, nasal swab, stools, etc are collected to study them microscopically. In certain circumstances water, soil, inanimate objects and food samples are also analyzed. In certain circumstances the samples are collected at a particular period of time. In malaria, the samples are collected when the fever is high and in the case of typhoid the blood samples are collected when the fever begins to rise. It is important to prevent contamination of the sample during testing and avoid any destruction of the causative organisms. It is important to transport the samples appropriately and test them immediately as many anaerobic species may not be able to survive in the oxygen-rich environment. Besides, it is also important to prevent drying of the samples. All samples should be given appropriate care during laboratory testing as they are hazardous and can infect the testing personnel (Barbara A. Bannister, 2000). There are different microscopes that can be used for studying the samples including light microscope, phase-contrast microscope, dark-field microscope, electron microscope, etc. Various staining procedures may be required to study the samples including gram staining, Giemsa staining, Ziehl-Nielsen staining, Indian Ink staining, etc. Helminthes, urine bacteria and fecal protozoan are best viewed through direct microscopy of unstained samples. Gram staining helps to identify organisms in pus, CSF, ascitis, pleural fluids, etc. Ziehl-Nielsen staining is used to study that will not stain through ordinary procedures. Romanowsky staining is used to stain blood cells, whereas Giemsa staining is used to identify the parasites present in blood. Immunofluorescence is a method of identifying the organisms through reactions with antibodies tagged with fluorescence dyes. There are two methods of immunofluorescence including direct and indirect methods (Barbara A. Bannister, 2000). Culturing involves growing the microorganisms present in the sample in the laboratory on an appropriate media and recognizing the same using physical, biochemical and morphological means. Different media may be used including enriched media, selective media and indicative media. Another process of distinguishing between the various strains of an organism is typing. These include biotyping, auxotyping, serotyping, phagetyping, PCR typing, etc (Barbara A. Bannister, 2000). Blood tests called as serological tests are done to determine the antigen-antibody reaction that occur. Some of the common tests that are done in the laboratory include agglutination, fluorescent antibody tests, radioimmunoassay and ELISA. Molecular methods of diagnosis are used to determine specific DNA fragments that would be a signature of certain species of pathogens. Some of the common molecular diagnostic techniques include PCR and amplification techniques (Barbara A. Bannister, 2000). Treatment One of the earliest ways of managing an infectious disease was in malaria when certain local communities used cinchona to treat the disease. From the cinchona bark, quinine was extracted and is used even today to manage malaria. Today, antimicrobial agents are being used to treat infectious disease. These microbial agents attack the various metabolic pathways that are present in the microbial metabolism. For example certain compounds are similar to PABA, and prevent PABA from undergoing transformation into dihydropteroic acid, which is essential for folate metabolism. Once there is shortage of folic acid in the body, the DNA of the bacteria undergoes degradation. Further other antimicrobial agents which target other portions of the metabolism can also be used for more effective treatment of infectious diseases. These include trimethoprin and sulphamethoxazole. The other ways by which antimicrobial agents act include causes the destruction of the bacterial cell wall, inhibition of the protein synthesis in bacteria, and damaging the DNA structure. For certain antimicrobial agents to act, the bacteria should be sensitive to the drug. Besides, the manner in which the drug is administered and the spectrum of action of the drug also plays a vital role in treating infections. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests are conducted to determine which particular agents the bacteria would be sensitive and resistant to and accordingly select a potent agent to treat the infection (Barbara A. Bannister, 2000). To ensure that the treatment with antibiotics is working properly certain monitoring strategies may be required including:- Appropriate levels of antibiotics are present in the serum The levels of antibiotics do not reach a level such that it would cause toxic effects Patient compliance and adherence Appropriate means of administration Pharmacokinetics of new drugs Monitoring all the adverse effects (dose-dependent or idiosyncratic) Some of the common groups of antimicrobial agents that are used to treat infections include:- Penicillin Penicillinase resistant penicillin Ampicillin-like agents Beta-lactamase inhibitors Cephalosporin Aminoglycosides Chloramphenicols Quinolones Antifungal Agents Antiviral agents Antimalarial agents Antitubercular drugs Antiprotozoan agents Prevention Infectious diseases are transmitted from one individual to another through several routes including direct contact, inhalation of airborne infections, consuming contaminated food or water, through vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, etc, sexual contact, using contaminated personal items and through the mother-fetal route. Hence, prevention can be advocated by obstructing the means of transmission of the infection. One of the most important methods of prevention is by proper and frequent hygiene by handwashing and using a disinfecting soap. Immunization also plays a vital role in preventing infections by administering vaccines to the general populations. Vaccines are currently available for a number of bacterial and viral infections including meningococcal infections, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, polio, diphtheria, typhoid, tetanus, haemophilus influenza, chicken pox, rotavirus, human papilloma virus, H1N1, measles, mumps, rubella, etc. Passive immunization can be administered by the admi nistration of immunoglobulin. Zoonotic infections can be prevented by immunizing the pets, providing a clean and safe environment for the animals, washing hands before contacting animals, takes measures after animal bites, etc. At the workplace, transmission of infections are a risk because of the conditions and also because people are in close contact with each other and also with hazards. Needles, syringes and other biohazards need to be disposed off properly. Blood during donation and infusion should be appropriately screened for various blood-borne infections such as HIV, Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, etc. Rubber gloves should be worn by the healthcare professional and for every new patient, a new set of sterile drugs should be selected. Hospital wastes should be disposed off properly to prevent hazardous wastes from further causing havoc (Andi L. Shane, 2008). Safe sex and sexual hygiene is also essential to prevent risk of transmission of STDs such as HIV, hepatitis B, etc. If there is the chance of the partner practicing unsafe sex, then a condom and other barriers help reduce the risk of transmission. Special precautions also need to be taken during travel. Areas infected with infectious diseases should be best not visited. For some people, vaccination may be required along with consumption of prophylactic antimicrobial agents (Andi L. Shane, 2008). Infectious Diseases in Saudi Arabia As in the rest of the world, in Saudi Arabia also, the morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases are high. An infection would have its course and severity varied depending on the virulence of the agent and the resistance of the host. Besides, a number of environmental factors also need to be considered. Two of the most common infections and serious health problems in the Western populations have been community-acquired pneumonia and fever of unknown origin (PUO). In the US, each year more than 1.3 million people get hospitalized from infectious diseases. The WHO has attributed Tuberculosis the most common cause of death in the world adult population. Certain factors may increase the risk for TB including HIV status, lower socioeconomic background, poor sanitation, etc. The other common infectious diseases throughout the world were hepatitis B, malaria and meningitis. Alghamdi found that the prior knowledge of prevalence and pattern of infectious diseases in the Western Saudi A rabian population was rather unknown and hence conducted this study to determine the most common infection in the hospitalized and determine their mean time of stay. More than 495 patients that were hospitalized between Jan 2000 to December 2004 at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) was studied. All data was collected from the patients medical records. About 8.8 % of the population who were admitted to the hospital or 1 in 11 were admitted for infectious diseases, and slightly more than 50% were males and 54% were native Saudis. Individuals between 26 to 45 years were commonly affected with infectious diseases, followed by the 13-25 year old group. The senior citizen population was least often affected with infectious disease. The most common infectious disease was pneumonia, followed by fever of unknown origin, TB, and viral hepatitis. In women, pneumonia was more common than men, whereas TB and meningitis were more common in men. The other common infectious in the population included bronchopneumonia, malaria and urinary tract infections (Aisha A. Alghamdi, 2009). The incidence of meningococcal meningitis is common in Hajj pilgrims and in the year 2000, several cases were reported in the Hajj pilgrims. The two common serogroups were serogroups A (24%) and W-135 (37%). The epidemiologists found that the Hajj Pilgrim 2000 Meningococcal attack was in fact two concurrent outbreaks. The W-135 serogroup is endemic in Saudi Arabia. The fatalities were high amongst the pilgrims and hence since the year 1987, mandatory vaccination was being introduced. The vaccine used in fact is quadrivalent in nature (Jairam R. Lingappa, 2003). The Tuberculosis statistics in Saudi Arabia were also alarming. In a study conducted by Sahal A. M. Al-Hajoj, 2006, it was found from about 1500 cases of Tuberculosis infection, that male-female ratio was 1.27 and 47% of the population being adults between the age groups of 21-40 years. The single drug resistant cases were about 19.7 % and the multi-drug resistant cases were about 47% (Sahal A. M. Al-Hajoj, 2006). Sahal A. M. Al-Hajoj (2009) conducted another study to find if the mortality and morbidity from tuberculosis could be decreased in Saudi Arabia. There was a rise in the number of cases of TB between 1990 and 2004 by about 6.2%. In Western Saudi Arabia, there is a huge influx of individuals from developing countries who may already be infected with Tuberculosis. The rise in tuberculosis cases may not only be due a rise in infection rate, but also due to better diagnosis techniques. Better TB programs and effective diagnostic laboratories are the need of the hour in controlling cases of tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. There should also be greater uniformity across the country in standardization. In the year 2000, there was an epidemic of Rift Valley Fever in Saudi Arabia which had spread from the neighboring North African Region. About 886 patients were included in the study by Tariq A. Madan. The age group affected was the 40 to 50 year, and the male to female ratio was 4:1. The common symptoms recorded included fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, diarrhea, neurological complications, bleeding, visual loss, liver function test abnormalities, leucopenia, renal failure, anemia, etc. There were about 14% mortalities from the disease and were often associated with bleeding, neurological symptoms and jaundice. People with leucopenia had a lower mortality than those who had a rise in the leukocyte count (Tariq A. Madan, 2000). In the year 2007, the first outbreak of H5N1 occurred in Saudi Arabia and affected 19 poultry farms. Several diagnostic tests were conducted to confirm the infection including Rapid antigen-capture test and real-time RT-PCR. Once the infection was identified in a particular town in Saudi Arabia, the government immediately made a decision destroy the H5N1 affected fleet and the non-affected birds in a radius of 5 kilometers and ensure quarantine measures were followed in the region so that the infection could be prevented from spreading to other regions. Besides, other measures were being adopted including closing bird markets, greater surveillance, quarantine, etc. Within a period of three months from the first detected cases, the epidemic was totally under control. Further within a period of three months (April 2008), Saudi Arabia was declared as H5N1-free (Huaguang Lu, 2009). In a study conducted by Abdulrahman A. Alrajhi (2004), the mode of transmission of HIV-1 was being studied. It was found that 46% were heterosexual transmission, 26% due to infected blood transfusion, 12% vertical transmission, 5% from homosexual activities and 2% due to use of contaminated syringes during IV drug usage. Most of the heterosexual men got infected from commercial sex workers, and about 65 women got infected from their husbands. In Saudi, the most rampant form of transmission of HIV-1 is heterosexual mode. The mean age of diagnosis of HIV in the 410 individuals who took part in the study was 27.8 years. The adult infection rate is about 0.01%. Women tend to get the infection from their spouses. The rate of infection was relative lower in homosexual men and IV Drug users (Abdulrahman A. Alrajhi, 2004). Thus it can be seen that infectious diseases are a serious problems. Some of the infections that are common in Saudi Arabia include pneumonia, Fever of unknown origin, tuberculosis, meningitis, HIV, acute viral hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, malaria, etc. Besides, outbreaks of several emerging infections are becoming commoner in Saudi. These include the Rift Valley Fever of 2000, H5N1 outbreak of 2007, dengue fever, viral hemorrhagic fever, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, etc. Many of the zoonotic infectious are getting transmitted to man by vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes (Tariq A. Madani, 2004). The mechanism of development and the transmission of such infections need to be studied.

A Rose for Emily By William Faulkner :: Free Essay Writer

"A Rose for Emily';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In life people often think that the life they live in is either a good one and do not think that a change would do their life any good. In reality change is good, but Emily in the short story "A Rose for Emily'; thinks that the life she has lived through is the one to keep and does not want to change it even though to us we might think of her life as a tragic and deprived one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The time frame of Miss Emily Grierson to her was the greatest time era, which was the "Old South';. How do we know that she wanted to stay in the time era of the "Old South'; is when the new generation moved into Jefferson and asked Emily for taxes. When they did this she ranted and raved that Colonel Sartoris has written her a letter in which relieves her of any taxes. She told the tax collectors "See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson.'; The fact that the tax collectors could not see Colonel Sartoris is because Colonel Sartoris had been dead almost ten years. Even the furniture that she had was not updated. Emily's parlor was furnished with heavy, leather-covered furniture that was cracked from not being used. She had been trapped in the ways "Old South';, and did not care to change as time went by.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor that showed Miss Emily was not interested in change is when Jefferson came up with a mail system. This new mail system that the people of Jefferson created included putting brass numbers of the house on the door so they could organize where the mail was going. Miss Emily did not like the fact of putting something new on her house and she did not like the fact of a new system coming in. She then told the people that she did not want the numbers put on her door and did not participate in the new mail system in Jefferson. In her earlier years, Emily, grew up with her father who was a wealthy man of the "Old South';. While growing up she was restricted from all people of the opposite sex, and was a cast away from the social nature of life. She was never to date or be seen with a man while her father was around. The day that her father died she did not show a sign of death in soul until a couple of days later.