The Federal Budget Process Essay - 2864 Words

Running head: The Federal Budget Process The Federal Budget Process Abstract This report focuses on the federal budget process of the United States of America. The annual federal budget begins with a detailed proposal from the President in February. The budget request is developed by the President’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Next, Congress creates a blueprint called a budget resolution that sets limits on how much each committee can spend (or reduce revenues) over the course of the year. The terms of the budget resolution are then enforced against individual appropriations, entitlement bills, and tax bills on the House and Senate floors. In addition, Congress sometimes uses a special procedure called†¦show more content†¦Second, the president uses the budget request to lay out his relative priorities for federal programs (Myers, et al, 1989; Policy Basics, 2011). â€Å"The President’s budget is very specific, and recommends funding levels for individual federal programs or small groups of programs called â€Å"budget a ccounts.† The budget typically sketches out fiscal policy and budget priorities not only for the year but for the next five years or more. It is also accompanied by historical tables that set our past budget figures† (Policy Basics, 2011 Para 4). The third role that the President’s budget plays is that it can be used to alert Congress of what spending and tax policy changes the President recommends. It is not necessary for the President to propose legislative changes for those parts of the budget that are governed by permanent law if he feels none are needed (Policy Basics, 2011). Majority of the federal tax code is set in permanent law, and will not expire. Similarly, more than one-half of federal spending – including the three largest entitlement programs (Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security) – is also permanently enacted. Interest paid on the national debt is also paid automatically, with no need for specific legislation. (There is, however, aShow MoreRelatedBalancing The Federal Budget Process2282 Words   |  10 PagesProject Joint Paper: Balancing the Federal Budget Luis A. Santiago-Gaetan, Abby Baumann, and Erin Kirchner University of Massachusetts-Amherst Introduction This is Red Team’s joint paper on balancing the budget of the government of the United States of America. Red Team’s (from here on we/our) position regarding balancing the budget and reducing the federal deficit varies slightly. In many ways some team members believe that the federal budget is much like any other budget, with a set amount of moneyRead MoreBalancing The Federal Budget Process2278 Words   |  10 PagesBalancing the Federal Budget Luis A. Santiago-Gaetan, Abby Baumann, and Erin Kirchner University of Massachusetts-Amherst Introduction This is Red Team’s joint paper on balancing the budget of the government of the United States of America. Red Team’s (from here on we/our) position regarding balancing the budget and reducing the federal deficit varies slightly. In many ways some team members believe that the federal budget is much like any other budget, with a set amount of money coming in, a setRead MoreThe Evolution of the Federal Budget Process989 Words   |  4 PagesFederal spending is necessary for the economy and is essential to the accomplishment of national goals and advancement. This is why a budget is needed, however, there is no actual process mentioned in the Constitution that explains how Congress should do this. The Constitution states: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to timeRead MoreThe Federal Government Budget Process1761 Words   |  8 Pagesto the budget and how they decide what to spend things on. Some people just tend to look at a country and see a huge amount of debt and just assume that the country isn’t doing well. When people look at the United States of America they see a country that is a world power. People see a country that overcame many conflicts and is still trying to develop further, as much as possible. A country that has a lot of opportunities. But those opportunities would be in place if there wasn’t a process for theRead MoreFiscal Year 2012 Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2011, the House of Representatives clashed with President Barack Obama over the federal budget for Fiscal Year 2012. While Obama opted for a budget that reduced deficits through careful spending cuts and increased tax revenue, House Republicans Eric Cantor and Paul Ryan, along with eighty-seven new House Republicans, hoped to pass a budget that was more fiscally conservative. Ryan’s budget plan, The Path to Prosperity, cut $6 trillion in spending by repealing Obamacare and aided the wealthy byRead MoreFederal Governments Difficulty in Adopting a Budget711 Words   |  3 PagesOver the past few years the federal government has experienced considerable difficulty in adopting a budget. Instead of agreeing to a budget that allows for the orderly operation of the governments various agencies and determines the nations annual spending and revenue priorities, legislative and executive branches have been embroiled in acrimonious debate that has largely broken down along political lines. The presence budgetary process was originally created in 1974 (Keith, 1997) and there haveRead MoreEssay On The Federal Budget856 Words   |  4 Pagesconcern than the federal budget. As tax payers, the American people always wishes to know where their tax dollars are going. The problem is that very few people actually know who sets the federal budget, and how much power this branch of government really has. The governmental branch that controls the federal budget is the legislative branch, also known as Congress. An instance when Congress really stretched its muscles in terms of the federal budget was the Congressional Budget and Impoundment ControlRead MoreMany People Create A Budget That Allows Them To Follow1275 Words   |  6 PagesMany people create a budget that allows them to follow the guidelines of things that need funding or to be paid. It does not matter whether it is a bill or a company, the budget allots the money for a documented need. Per U.S. Department of Education (2011), a budget sets forth priorities and levels of spending, ways of financing the spending, and a plan for managing the funds. Special education directors must be able to explain this process to fulfill the necessity of the budget within the schoolsRead MoreThe Government And The Federal Government867 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Government is the body of government that implements and administers pu blic policy. The Federal Government Government execute all political powers. Moreover, the Federal Government according to, (Benz, 2003) is defined as â€Å"a system that divides up powers between a strong National Government and smaller local government.† In addition, (Benz, 2003) also states that the Federal Government are best used in large countries where there exists a diverse group of people with diverse needs butRead MoreThe National Government Of A Country Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Government of a country consists of various characteristics, procedures, positions, and beliefs, that create a great comparison to such traits of a complex business. Whether it s developing a nation s annual budget, analyzing deficits or surpluses, accumulating government liabilities, or outsourcing to investors, the governments of all dominate nations have and will continue to run like any other successful business. In the case of a country, the economic, societal, fore ign, military

Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana Free Essays

Pros and Cons Of Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a very common street and recreational drug that comes from the marijuana plant. The plant that produces marijuana, as is well known, is the hemp plant cannabis sativa. The pharmacologically active ingredient in marijuana is tetra-hydro-cannabinol. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marijuana is used to heighten perception, affect mood and relax. It is estimated that about thirty percent of adults in the U. S. use marijuana. Many people think marijuana is harmless. It is not. Signs of marijuana use include red eyes, lethargy and uncoordinated body movements. The long-term effects may include decrease in motivation and harmful effects on the brain, heart, lung and reproductive system. People who smoke marijuana are more likely to develop cancer of the head and neck. The more often a person smokes marijuana and the longer they continue to smoke it, the greater is their chance of developing cancer in places such as the mouth, tongue, larynx or pharynx. A number of movements to legalize the use of marijuana have been gaining steam lately. There are places in California where it’s already legal for medicinal purposes. Much of the American public now believes that the drug should be legalized but others are still concerned about health damage and other adverse affects. The argument whether to legalize the drug marijuana has Been going on for years. Many different pros and cons come with the drug marijuana. Legalizing marijuana is an important legal battle for several reasons. First, decriminalizing marijuana would make it readily available to individuals that need it, in safe and healthy way. Cancer patients, AIDS sufferers and many other patients must now obtain marijuana illegally in most states. The objections of the federal government to legalizing marijuana have almost nothing to do with how much harm it may or may not cause–it is a matter of pharmaceutical companies resisting legalization because it will be difficult for them to profit from the legal use of marijuana. Some of the chemical components that make up marijuana have been isolated and made into pill form through government-sponsored research, which directly contradicts the current legal view of marijuana. In fact, the former Surgeon General of the United States Jocelyn Elders asserted that overwhelming evidence exists that marijuana can relieve certain symptoms of ain, nausea and vomiting. (balanced politics. com). There are many pros for legalizing marijuana. Legalizing marijuana has many positive aspects, including increased tax revenue through the legal sale of marijuana. There is also the matter of the medical benefits of marijuana to those with illnesses that limit range of motion or induce nausea an d pain. (marijuana today. com). One of the most common arguments for legalizing marijuana is for medical benefits. Particularly health benefits for people who suffer from illnesses such as depression, cancer, glaucoma and even AIDS. Marijuana has been proven helpful for inducing appetite and combating nausea. Furthermore, marijuana has also proven beneficial for increasing the range of motion for those suffering from multiple sclerosis. As an illegal substance, many who suffer from debilitating illnesses would be arrested or imprisoned for simply seeking relief from their ailments. (marijuana today. com). The studies of the harmfulness of marijuana are inconclusive and contradictory. Most doctors would agree that it’s not very harmful if used in moderation. (marijuanatoday. com). It’s only when you abuse the drug that problems start to occur. But isn’t abuse of almost any bad substance a problem? If you abuse alcohol, caffeine, cigarettes, or even pizza, health problems are sure to follow. Would you want the government limiting how much coffee you can drink or how much cheesecake you take in? Some medical examples that marijuana helps is chemotherapy for cancer. Chemotherapy often causes extreme nausea and vomiting. An active ingredient of marijuana is THC which often reduces vomiting and nausea. Marijuana usually lowers pretreatment anxiety as well. Another illness marijuana helps with is AIDS. AIDS usually causes low appetite, loss of lean muscle. Marijuana improves appetite. Pain and muscle spasms associated with epilepsy and multiple sclerosis can be less occurring with the use or marijuana. Marijuana may ease incontinence of bladder and bowel and relive depression. Lastly the disease Glaucoma is a progressive form of blindness due to increased pressure inside the eyeball. When marijuana is smoked it may reduce pressure within the eye. Another positive aspect for legalizing the use of marijuana is it would significantly decrease the number of marijuana-related arrests and imprisonments in the United States. Police and court resources would be freed up for more serious crimes. More than 200,000 individuals are incarcerated each year for marijuana possession, as part of the U. S. government’s War on Drugs. Decriminalizing marijuana would also eliminate much of the crime associated with the illegal sale and trafficking of marijuana. Moreover, several states allow legal use of marijuana when prescribed by a physician, yet thousands of dispensary owners and patients are arrested every year by the federal government. Legalizing marijuana could bring in more revenue for states, as well as help individuals receive care who may be unable to receive it otherwise. (marijuana today. com). If marijuana was legalized the cost on prosecuting offenders would decrease dramatically. Many consider the War on Drugs an expensive failure. Resources for DEA, FBI, and border security are only the tip of the iceberg. You must add in the cost of police officers, judges, public defenders, prosecutors, juries, court reporters, prison guards, and so on. Legalization of marijuana would free up those people to concentrate on more important things like terrorism, harder drugs, rape, murder, and so on. In addition, an already overloaded civil court docket would be improved; and, the wait time for other legitimate court cases would be reduced. Border agents, TSA staff, drug-sniffing dogs, and scanners are some of the resources that are being directed to drug law enforcement. When these resources are focused on drugs, less time energy is devoted to protecting against terrorism and the closing of our borders. For example, dogs are trained to sniff for drugs rather than bombs. (marijanatodaypros. com). Another pro of legalizing marijuana is that the government could regulate the quality and safety of drugs. Many people die or become sick because of what is added to the marijuana they purchase. Last but not least if marijuana is legalized the government would have one more thing to throw a tax on and profit from. An enormous amount of money is raised through government taxation of alcohol, and cigarettes. The legalization of marijuana would create another item that could be taxed. I’m sure the government would have no problem spending all that extra money. The federal government’s argument for criminalizing marijuana appears to be based on pressure from tobacco and pharmaceutical industries who find the non-patentable nature of marijuana harmful to profit margins. marijuana today. com). Along with positive reasons for legalizing marijuana there is also many cons for the legalization of marijuana. One concern that appears if marijuana is legalized is that it would increase the chances of the drug falling into the hands of kids. Even unhealthy legal items such as cigarettes and alcohol are prohibited from being sold to kids. This is because kids generally donâ⠂¬â„¢t exhibit the same reasoning, responsibility, and judgment of an adult. And their bodies aren’t as equipped to handle the intake of these substances. The problem is even worse for marijuana use. Developing brains and bodies can be dealt serious blows by the use of marijuana. Any time you make something legal, you increase the accessibility to children. All too often kids and teenagers get their hands on alcohol or cigarettes. They shouldn’t let the same thing happen with marijuana. Another bad effect that may occur if marijuana is legalized is more widespread use would increase the dangers of secondhand smoke-damage to bystanders. The dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke are well-publicized. Common sense tells us that more widespread usage of marijuana increases the likelihood that other people would suffer the damage of inhaling other people’s smoke. Public places like bars would expose innocent patrons. In the home siblings, roommates, kids, and spouses would all face increased exposure. A huge concern in legalizing the use of marijuana is driving while under the influence of marijuana. Which is referred to â€Å"stoned diving†. Driving and smoking is harder to detect than drinking and driving. Only because it doesn’t usually have a distinct smell unless just smoked and the only sign is usually redder eyes. Driving while being under the influence of marijuana may be more prone to cause a car accident. Marijuana causes the brain to function slower than usually, so driving abilities may be inadequate. Marijuana is often used to a stepping-stone drug leading to heroine, cocaine, or harder drugs. Studies show that marijuana use often progresses to the use of harder drugs. In other words, people experiment with what is often thought of as a harmless drug. Then, after using it for a while people want to feel a better high. This is particularly a problem since most people will not directly start abusing the harder drugs that are generally understood to be harmful. The last and most common reason marijuana hasn’t been legalized yet is the physical damaged that is done to users’ body after a period of time. Although some studies have been disputed, marijuana abuse has been tied to brain damage, cancer, lung damage, depression, amotivational syndrome, and even death. The brain damage has been shown to cause memory loss and difficulty in problem solving. It is the governments duty to protect the public from such dangerous drugs. After all, that’s why the FDA was created. (marijuanatodaycons. com). Immediate effects after someone has smoked marijuana may include: loss of restlessness, excitement, hallucinations, psychotic, paranoia, psychotic episodes, impaired coordination, impaired motor ability, mood swings, increased appetite, and impaired ability. Long Term effects of marijuana may include: the loss of brain cells, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, energy loss, slow confused thinking, apathy, and blood vessel blockage. Physical effects of marijuana may include diarrhea, cramps, weight loss or gain, and impaired sex drive. Marijuana can be a gateway drug, which means it can lead to the use of many other harmful drugs. Marijuana has been linked with teen violence, suicide, crime, and unsafe sex-HIV transmission. Smoking marijuana by adolescent user can disrupt their emotional development, delay puberty, and can delay the monthly cycle in females. Marijuana may produce a mild physical dependence that causes minor withdrawal symptoms when discontinued, including nausea, insomnia, irritability, and anxiety. marijuanatodayeffects. com) Marijuana is an addictive drug that can harm your body which is the main reason that the government would rather leave the use of it legally out of the law. Marijuana is a commonly used drug in the united states and all over the world. Many people feel differently about the legalization of marijuana. Which is clear because in some states the drug is legal, or at least lega l for medical purposes. There is many pros and cons that come with the substance of marijuana. Regardless of the law the drug is very wide spread and used. How to cite Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana, Papers

The Role of Irony in The Pardoners Tale free essay sample

Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by fictional characters who are on a Journey. The Pardoners Tale is told by a pardoner traveling with the group. He pretends to be a devout man intent on the salvation of others. However, he admits outright that he is an extremely greedy man and is only in it for wealth. In the story the pardoner tells, irony is heavily used. Verbal irony, situational irony, and dramatic irony are all used by Chaucer to enhance the message of the story as well as keep the reader interested. Chaucer uses verbal irony to reveal he extremely hypocritical nature of his characters. The best example of this can be found in the Pardoner himself. In the prologue, he states Radix malorum est cupiditas. This is Latin for Avarice is the root of all evil. There is no way the Pardoner believes this, for he is an extremely greedy man, but sees no evil in what he is doing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Irony in The Pardoners Tale or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, this is a prime example of verbal irony. The entire message of the Pardoners story is the exact opposite of what he himself believes. In the story the pardoner tells, a great example of verbal irony is when one of the Rioters says My word. I wont betray you. Ill be true. This occurs mere moments after the same Rioter promised the exact same thing to the Youngest, who they are plotting to kill. Another example of Irony in the tale is when the Youngest tells the apothecary Sell me some poison if you will, I have a lot of rats I want to kill. He obviously does not mean rats, but his fellow Rioters. He portrays his statement as if he has to kill some bothersome pests, when he really wants to kill his brothers. Verbal irony is used in The Pardoners Tale in order to reveal the hypocritical personalities of his haracters, as well as to provide some humor for the reader. Chaucer uses situational irony in order to keep the reader interested in the story. An example occurs at the very beginning of the prologue, where the Pardoner talks about how he preaches against avarice. A few lines later, he says the exact opposite thing that a reader would expect him to say. He states that he is a most unholy man who is tempted sorely by money. This keeps the reader interested in the story by presenting an extremely important new detail, as well as being mildly humorous. Another example f situational irony occurs after the Pardoner has finished telling his tale. He decrees that the Host is the most sinful, but really, he himself is. It is this unexpected and inappropriate statements that form the situational irony in The Pardoners Tale. They keep the story exciting and intriguing for the reader. Chaucer uses dramatic irony in order to prove his point that greed is the root of all evil. The Rioters greed for the gold led to their murders, which is most certainly an evil. After killing the Youngest, one of the older Rioters says Now for a drink. Sit down and lets be merry. The reader knows that the bottles were poisoned, but the Rioters do not. When they take a swig and die, it shows the reader that the original greed to have the gold all for themselves was the cause of all the evil. If the reader did not know about the poisoning of the bottles, the connection between greed and evil would not be established. Geoffrey Chaucers The Pardoners Tale uses the three forms of irony in order to make the story more interesting, as well as prove his mai n point, that avarice is the root of all evil.

Get Sample Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Vegetable Oil

Question: Describe about the Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Vegetable Oil? Answer: Executive Summary With the change in the technology and the excessive use of resources have successfully helped people in implementing some special techniques which could efficiently lead to the better environment. For the pollution and wastes which is collected can be easily reused with the help implementing (Alhassan et al., 2014) special properties of the product by itself. To renew the product, there has been an assessment which leads to usage of sulphuric acid as well as transesterfications. These process are able to compare and build in the better product leading to an acceptable consumption of food at a low cost. The process to invest is helpful as the fuel can be used by the usage of the feedstocks which could products oils at a lower cost, preferably. The idea of using the biodiesel product is efficient in the long run than the normal fuel. The product is environmental friendly along with saving the resources from being depleted. This product is completely able to solve the problem of energy consumption too. The detailed business case seeks approval formally to invest $600,000 million in 2011/20 to combine all the budgeting plan which would be able to reach to a better expectation in leading out to factors which would enhance the following: One can get a desired collection of details of the same with the perfect testing quality. Comparing the data would enhance the productivity factor with the energy saving and efficient outcomes. The decision mainly focus on the infrequent and the commitment to the resources which would lead to certainty and better designs and decisions. There is a difficulty in orgs which is there because the data is less. These biodiesel are mainly for contribution for development leading to sectors of carbon mobile which target about 10% with the time in 2020. The supply and the renewable resources are for mainly keeps the diversification in the feedstock which is able to decrement policies like transport, waste etc. The table below clearly identify the options which are available and can lead to different approaches. The need to maintain and increase the manufacturing which would have an incentive to lead for auto and fuel. According to the infrastructure which is focused, there is a requirement for up gradation of the services which would be owned and operated according to the different process.as per the results, on can claim: There is an evidence which will have an outlook to the representative and available heuristics. The biasing and confidence to suggest for looking over to the outcomes generally in the work (Pukale et al., 2014) where SME innovations related to sustainable development along with a support to all the decisions and tools. The overall amount which is spend maybe more in compare to the fuels, but the biodiesel products are always helpful in maintain the quality of environment as well as the aura. There is always an optimisation of the product which supports in transformations leading to meeting the needs, facing the options, flexible enough to build a proper case. 1. Problem With the biodiesel, it is said that there are different types of chemicals. The requirement of the different product along with improving the quality at home is only possible when all the waste vegetable oil can be used in maintaining the cost and make the environment eco-friendly. 1.1 Background Biodiesel is one of the products which is able to maintain all the environmental quality where it is able to produce best products from the vegetable oil waste. There are sources which are able to remove all the impurities from the oil. As per the products which are developed, the main benefit comes out that this product of biodiesel is very helpful in the long run as people are able to manage the resources (Li et al., 2014) and using them wisely. The government has completely supported for this where one is able to track all the services, mainly funding to the distribution of all the products at the different levels. The stakeholders are trying to manage the services where they can efficiently resolve the issue of pollution and waste of the product. There are NREL stakeholders which try to be expertise in the form of their work of transportation where there is a development and implementation of the easy gadgets along with providing free access to the data. 1.2 Definition of the problem The continuous use of excessive resources has led to the depletion of the layers. Hence to set up a better business, biodiesels are the best alternatives which can bring a change in the product quality and try to renew all the feedstock, producing all the efficient oil mainly free from the acids, developing the process which would maintain the environment. According to the analysis of Life Cycle, it indicated that the production of biodiesels and biodiesel is completely going to eradicate all the problems of depletion in the long run. The problem is ongoing but with continuous efforts is can elevate down to an immediate transition of negativity. 1.3 Evidence of the Problem With the growing forecasting range, there is a continuous pressure of growing a concern of pollution which is generally from the industries. It is required to keep an approach where the vehicles have to be kept safe and the investment should be to manage all the engines which try to automatically run and detect the fuel which is being injected in the engines. The cars are able to manage the expense which lead to the changes and the adjustments in the mirrors where the dependence is to combine all the notifications for public transportation. As an example, it is said that one should not try to burn the purest form of the biodiesel as it will cause chunks and problem leading to an additive mixture in the amount where the solvents will not be able to maintain the efficiency of the heater. 1.4 Timing Considerations It is important to take care of the product and the changes which are likely going to affect the production. There is a need to maintain the global changes as per the effects, leading to the preferential limits depending upon the following logistics: There is a low impact on the harvestation which is mainly to equip and handle the infrastructure which would be able to pre-process the system. The labours are trained enough to store the bins and the tracks for the usage of all the waste products. The product is seasonal, hence it is needed to be stored at the edge of the field of farmers which is under their maintenance. The ethanol production will have no more impact or time for other crops as the water quality and quantity are sufficient for controlling the system. The development is mainly on the production steps which consider that the biomass should be optimised and required to be considered according to the erosion which is there in the land. 1.5 Consideration of broader text There are many opportunities as the waste oil would help in production the biodiesel. The fact is mainly that it is more economical and renewable which is able to grow and maintain the crops which is able to feed and maintain all the balance in the environment. A lot of farmers are able to get a big support from this as most of the dependency is on the usage of renewable resources. Biodiesels are the best alternatives which are for storing the natural gases and the propane to inject into the system, trying to undergo and produce electricity for a better life. 2. Benefits There are many benefits of the biodiesel as it helps in reacting properly with the vegetable oil and try to extract the best product out of it. Some of them are as below: There is a complete acquirement of the diesel in the engine which of the most pure form. The petrol is consumed at a higher cost but it is more eco-friendly and try to be less costly in the long run for the people. It helps to burn and helpful for the household activities with less of pollution and more of beneficiary effects on the health as well. (Mohammadshirazi, et al., 2014). The presence of it reduced the existence of the particulate matter which is common, thereby, saving the quality of water from being degraded. The purest form of it comes from the soya and the oil which is rape seed, try to bring the best type of amount for the diesel and engine. 2.1 Benefits to be delivered Depending upon the social, economic impact, one can say that there is a preferential rise in the amount which is being able to provide with the best alternative renewable resources of energy. The main feature that it can be reused makes it different from all the products and the organic matter is efficient enough to grow crops in it. The dependence on the crude oil will be driving apart as there is a (Ahmad et al., 2014) pull towards the rise in the gas stations as well as improvement in the fuel system. This automatically benefits in the long run as people try to opt for biodiesel products rather than any other. 2.2 Importance of the Benefits to be delivered As per the conventional supply, there are many other fuels which are made from the cow dung and other biomass products which have the potential to save the world from the combustion problems. There is a need to import the energy with less consequences of the same on the energy which is being supplied. The greenhouse gases which bring out the total output are producing extensive problem and lead to starvation to an extent. The oil which is a waste can be used in many sources mainly domestic, commercialised areas or the industrial areas which will completely bring a stream of the better disposable, helping to block the pipes, mainly when the oil has been solidified. 2.3 Evidence of Benefits Delivery The use of the oil reduces the production of the biodiesel cost to about 60% which is much more than the expected. There is a need to maintain the balance for the usage of the feedstock which would be used at workable places leading to easy commercialisation. The main delivery benefit comes when the oil which is passed through the sewage system deplete the layer. The treatments of the same pollutes and cost a lot of problem. But its usage can help in bringing a better change in the expense, (Muralidharan, 2014) protecting the land and production of food. The biomass, bioenergy and the carbon cycle are the main products which add to the benefits and bring a lot of change in the environmental quality. 2.4 Interdependencies The main dependency is on biodiesel and it is considered to use the oil or the other animal fat to produce the renewable resources of energy through the process of transesterification. It has been made from the different products and recycled through the modernisation with the change in viscosity. The (Osawa et al., 2014) conversion is in the way which is mainly important through either dilution, emulsification through the micro products, pyrolysis, and the transesterfication method. This lead to the higher rise in the development of agricultural products which would modify and invent the renewable fuels. 3. Strategic Response To respond to the farmers, which are mainly composed in four divisions, namely, agronomy, energy, grain and the feed/livestock. The factors which are direct lead to the effect on the habitat and quality of life. The product has to be considered mainly comprising conversion of feedstock and better transportation. The balance with the use and the production of land and the different biodiesel system comes from the largest impact of harvestation. To be devoid of the demand which mainly depend on the biofuels and the ethanol, there is a trend that the policy (Martinez-Guerra Gude, 2014) and the subsidies are favourable enough to change the potential of demand. It mainly depends on the economy for a precise servicing. The strength and the opportunities come when ethanol is able to make the products cheaper with the better commercialised products. 3.1 Method Criteria The methods to produce the biodiesel from the vegetable oil is through assessment through SWOT analysis. The criteria to meet up the demands and focus on the decisions which will be able to figure how (Mahesh et al., 2014) the product has to be distilled and a by-product is formed which can grow and have better feed stocks for the production. There will be an increment in the uncertainties. Some of the determination is as follows: 3.2 Strategic Options Analysis 3.2.1 Strategic Interventions There are certain to make response which is able to highlight the certainty, thereby, targeting the market to rise and understand the basic which could lead in excel of the organisation. The analysis through the life (Maddikeri et al., 2014) cycle mainly concerns to the metric of the emissions which are mainly done through the usage of matter, energy or the water. Describe and provide evidence or reasoning as to why these interventions might have an impact. Strategic Interventions Intervention 1 There is a problem related to the licence of the biofuels which are registered under SARS Intervention 2 There is a process where the petroleum products are taken off-shore Intervention 3 High discounts lead to decrement in Fuel Price, hence use biofuels. Intervention 4 The support is from the agriculture programmes. Intervention 5 Capacity to build and Develop Intervention 6 The agencies of the Government are responsible for the same. 3.2.2. Strategic Options Strategic Interventions Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Option 6 Intervention 1 For fuel levy exemption Check the penetration level Qualify the producers for meeting environmental impact Environmental Impact Assessment Crop selection, feedstock availability Meeting environmental standards Intervention 2 Less costs and logistics Directly to customers Close to biofuel plants 5% biofuel, 10% fuel ethanol Basic fuel price rates for better quality Petroleum product licencing. Intervention 3 Fuel levy exemption Refund limitations by biofuel tax Higher production by 20% Participation of small investors Oil refinery and administrative procedures Allow administrative fairness Intervention 4 Value additive Crop selection Better agriculture farms Contracts with biofuel manufacturers infrastructure Research and development Intervention 5 Communities Transformation Sector Education Training Authorities Development Sustainable job Entrepreneurship Intervention 6 State Owned Agencies Development Corporation Financial corporation Fuel supply contract Shareholder department benefit Agricultural achievements. Table X: Strategic options 3.2.3. Ranking of Strategic Options Strategic options Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Option 6 Benefits Percentage of full benefit to be delivered 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Benefit 1 % 4 33 3 4 3 1 Benefit 2 % 2 2 2 2 3 1 Benefit 3 % 3 3 3 4 3 1 Cost Estimated capital investment cost (Range) $5 mil - $8 mil $6 mil - $9 mil $3 mil - $5 mil $4 mil - $7 mil $1 mil - $5 mil $4 mil - $9 mil Estimated operational costs (Range) $3 mil - $5 mil pa $1 mil - $5 mil pa $3 mil - $5 mil pa $22 mil - $23 mil pa $5 mil - $10 mil pa $11 mil - $15 mil pa Time (Range) 15-23 45-47 23-25 34-45 34-45 12-23 Risks Risk 1(in %) 10 23 12 23 54 34 Risk 2(in %) 3 5 12 12 3 13 Dis-benefits Dis-benefit 1 3 3 1 5 2 9 Dis-benefit 2 16 12 34 5 1 12 Ranking 1-3 1 2 2 1 3 1 Table X: Evaluation of strategic options 3.2.4 Recommended Strategic Option The strategy is to mainly highlight how the efficiency be increase with the usage of different resources. There are many different products which can be used to improve the overall usage of the product. The production (Haigh et al., 2014) of biodiesel helps in primarily brining out a change which could evaluate and mark changes on the SWOT analysis of a product. 4. Project Option Analysis The project has been defined under the best way to reduce the losses due to wastage of resources. The project has been analysed, keeping in mind that it is important to keep an adequate usage of the resources which will help in bringing a stabilisation to the emissions. The vegetable oil which (Martinez et al., 2014) is used can be processed further to bring out the best renewable source of energy. People should come forward and use biofuels like biomass etc., which would bring a change in the quality of the environment with less pollution. The particulate matter which comes from it is mainly for reducing the emissions and bringing a change in the products. 4.1 Project Options Considered The marginal outcome which is able to maintain the property of nitrogen fixation is possible, thereby, the pieces of the petroleum products are feasible to bring a development in the technology. (Alptekin et al., 2014). The conditions, mainly depending upon the technology are for accepting the modulations which are modified and converted into a better performance of the system. 4.2 Stakeholder Identification Consideration The stakeholder need to emphasise mainly on the adaptability of the policies which are able to apply and bring in the practicality for the better (Cirriminna et al., 2014) quality of the product. There are customers who have to meet the designing of the policies and the factor for the analysis. 4.3 Social Impact The farms are mainly to reduce their dependence on mainly crude oil which is the most depleting layer. The step towards the good engine as well as lubricant to a large experience leading to less pollution quality, fleets into the existence. 4.4 Economic Impact The process to invest is helpful as the fuel can be used by the usage of the feedstocks which could products oils at a lower cost, preferably. The idea of using the biodiesel product is efficient in the long (Lai, 2014) run than the normal fuel. The product is environmental friendly along with saving the resources from being depleted. This product is completely able to solve the problem of energy consumption too. 4.5 Environmental Impact There is a difficulty in orgs which is there because the data is less. These biodiesel are mainly for contribution for development leading to sectors of carbon mobile which target about 10% with the time in 2020. The supply (Hassani et al., 2014) and the renewable resources are for mainly keeps the diversification in the feedstock which is able to decrement policies like transport, waste etc. 4.6 Overall Evaluation of environmental Economic Impact The need to keep up associate degreed increase the producing which might have an incentive to steer for car and fuel. Consistent with the infrastructure that is targeted, there's a demand for up gradation of the services which might be in hand and operated consistent with the various method.as per the results, on will claim that there is associate degree proof which is able to have associate (Talkit Mahajan, 2014) degree outlook to the representative and obtainable heuristics. The biasing and confidence to counsel for wanting over to the outcomes usually within the work wherever SME innovations associated with property development at the side of a support to any or all the selections and tools. 4.7 Cost Benefit Analysis The cost depends on the source which is able to maintain the cost of the oil as well as producing the best products which can be used in different places. The conversion of cost to biodiesel has been the most expensive in the short run but it is very good in the long run as it is conventional to meet the demands and the nature of the process which is depending upon the biodiesel production. 4.8 Financial Analysis In distinction to monetary analysis, social analysis reveals that biodiesel production from rosid dicot genus. This points out that monetary analysis results might not give a sound basis for public policy, (Escobar et al., 2014) notably once there are distortions within the market. Biodiesel additionally has the potential to get important rural employment and to scale back gas emissions. If biodiesel production to satisfy the 2 hundredth mixing target is restricted to wild, food production in Asian country won't be affected. 4.9 Risk Comparison 4.10 Integrated Analysis Options Ranking Table xx: Presenting the results of the options analysis Project option 1: Do Nothing Project option 2: Project option 3: Project option 4: Project option 5: Analysis Period (years) 3 2 6 2 7 Capital Costs ($m) 23 45 12 56 33 Output Costs ($m) 43 62 75 13 16 Cost-Benefit Analysis (of monetary costs and benefits discounted at the appropriate Discount Rate) Present Value of Benefits ($m) 25 12 58 55 88 Present Value of Costs ($m) 45 26 16 37 36 Benefit Cost Ratio 45 23 12 67 23 Net Present Value ($m) 45 233 34 23 12 Other important considerations (see the examples provided) Intangible costs / benefits (e.g.small, med., large) Small Large medium large medium Distributional impacts (e.g.small, med., large) medium Small small medium Small Preferred option 4.11Testing the Robustness 5. Deliverability of the Recommended Solution The above details depicts that the usage of biodiesel can be made in many ways with the help of using the waste vegetable oil. People can be able to live freely in a pollution free environment where they have the best resources and supply. There is a need to maintain the resources for the upcoming generations so that the depletion does not end the life and the environmental quality. 5.1 Details of recommended solution The best advantages are as below: 5.2 Commercial Financial The restoration of the biofuels will have the credits at the federal and the state level. There is an assurance of the availability of the support on the basis of finance and the guarantee to loan. The process for scaling up and better plantation can lead to a more robust agreement. There is a captive flee for the vehicles which are run on the fossil fuels and the subsidies are less that the carbon material. 5.2.1 Procurement If an automotive has been left standing for a protracted time with crude fuel within the tank which could have rusted (water content may be a common drawback with petro-diesel fuel). Biodiesel can unencumber the rust, and it may clog the particle filter within the tank. At the worst, the car merely stops, starved of fuel. 5.2.2 Risk Assessment management A common warning is that biodiesel, particularly 100% biodiesel, can rot any natural or radical rubber components within the equipment, whether or not fuel lines or widget pump seals, and people they need to first get replaced with resistant components fabricated from Vinton. However rubber components in internal-combustion engine fuel systems are rare or non-existent since the first Eighties -- it rarely happens, and when it will happen it is not ruinous, you have got lots of warning and it's simply fastened. 5.2.3 Detailed Costing Economic Evaluation Element Estimate Table reference Base cost estimate $241m (Table 2) Base risk allocation $243m (Table 3) Project cost estimate $345m Contingency $23m (Table 3) Project budget $851m Table 1: Headline project cost element summary BASE COST ESTIMATE Effective date of BCE: dd/mm/yy Estimated date of commencement of construction: dd/mm/yy 1 Direct Costs 1.1 Materials 43 1.2 Labour 45 1.3 Plant Hire 23 Sub total $111 2 Indirect Costs 2.1 Recurrent overheads 2.1.1 Site facilities 34 2.1.2 Plant Equipment site maintenance 56 2.1.3 Project management costs 78 2.1.4 Commercial 23 2.1.5 QA and Safety 12 2.2 Non-recurrent overheads 2.2.1 Establishment and mobilisation 45 2.2.2 Disestablishment and demobilisation 56 2.2.3 Project insurances 23 2.2.4 Professional fees design, legal, financial, etc 78 Subtotal $405 3 Owners Cost 3.1 Contracted professional staff 67 3.2 Investigations 89 3.3 Land costs resumptions 34 3.4 Authority fees 78 3.5 Owner supplied plant and equipment 33 Subtotal $301 4 Contractors Fee 4.1 Profit margin 34 4.2 Corporate Overheads 67 Subtotal 23 5 Provisional Sums 78 5.1 34 Subtotal $236 TOTAL OF BASE COST ESTIMATE $1053 Table 2: Base cost estimate BASE RISK ALLOCATION AND CONTINGENCY 6 Base Risk Allocation 6.1 Escalation (period between BCE and construction) 344 6.2 Project Risk A 465 6.3 Project Risk B etc 234 Sub total $1043 7 Contingency 7.1 45 Subtotal $45 TOTAL OF PROJECT RISKS $1083 Table 3: Project risks 5.2.4 Funding Sources The check results area unit shown within the information table within the previous chapter. in line with the info from the tests, it is proved that the standard of my biodiesel is medium not therefore prime quality. (Melero et al., 2014). 5.3 Management For checking the standard of made biodiesel I did differing types of quality check in line with international rule. I did wash check and fermentation alcohol check in my space. And performed consistency check within the fluid laboratory of our mechanical department. 5.3.1 Government Growing America's Fuel - a replacement U.S. Government strategy for meeting or beating the country's biofuel targets. The report is concentrated on short term solid government solutions supporting the prevailing biofuels business, moreover as fast the industrial institution of advanced biofuels and a viable long market by remodelling however the U.S. Government will business across Departments and victimization strategic public-private partnerships. 5.3.2 Stakeholder Management and Communication Plan The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) mandates inflated production of biofuels (fuels derived from renewable biological materials). Recognizing the potential impacts of this variation, Congress needs the U.S.EPA, underneath EISA Section 204, to assess and report each 3 years on the present and potential future environmental and resource conservation impacts related to inflated use of biofuels. 5.3.3 Project Management Strategy Environmental Protection Agency is currently developing its 1st triennial report back to Congress on this issue. The strategy is to remove all the pollution replacing it with renewable resources of energy. 5.4 Delivery Mass Biofuel delivers premium BIOHEAT to your home or business. Whether or not our biodiesel is mixed with ancient fuel or immoderate low sulphur diesel, grasp that you simply square measure burning a cleaner fuel by substitution a little with a regionally created, non-toxic, and perishable fuel. 5.4.1 Change Management The agricultural sector is mostly against the assembly of biofuels as a result of it detracts from food production, and customarily the conductor. Biofuels are politically enticing as a result of the renewable then a green different, and since they are a cleaner different to, say, burning coal. 5.4.2 Timeline Milestones Milestone Date Initiated 02/22/2013 Sent for Regulatory Review 09/03/2013 Received after reviewing 09/03/2013 Regulatory Review Concluded 11/15/2013 Notice: Published 11/20/2013 Comment Period Open 11/29/2013 Published 11/29/2013 Public Meeting 12/05/2013 Comment Period Closed 01/28/2014 Final Rule: Sent to Regulatory Review 08/21/2014 Final Rule: Received 08/22/2014 Notice2: Published 12/09/2014 Final Rule: Published 00/0000 (projected) 5.4.3 Performance Measures Output name: Performance Measures Unit of measure Change in target if proposal is endorsed 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Quantity 139 2% 4% 3 % 7% 1% Quality 346 5% 6% 7% 8% 2% Timeliness 123 1% 8% 3 % 6 % 7% 5.4.5 Exit Sign-off Strategy The product formed from the waste oil is the freshest form which can be used carefully. There is a way to titrate the product and neutralise it to bring it to the top quality. As per the study, there is a rich improvement in the country under this project and the product biodiesel which is formed is an environmental friendly product. Reference Melero, J. A., Bautista, L. F., Iglesias, J., Morales, G., Snchez-Vazquez, R. (2014). Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in a continuous packed bed reactor with an agglomerated Zr-SBA-15/bentonite catalyst.Applied Catalysis B: Environmental,145, 197-204. Alptekin, E., Canakci, M., Sanli, H. (2014). Biodiesel production from vegetable oil and waste animal fats in a pilot plant.Waste Management,34(11), 2146-2154. Escobar-Nio, A., Luna, C., Luna, D., Marcos, A. T., Cnovas, D., Mellado, E. (2014). Selection and Characterization of Biofuel-Producing Environmental Bacteria Isolated from Vegetable Oil-Rich Wastes.PloS one,9(8), e104063. Lai, E. P. C. (2014). Biodiesel: Environmental Friendly Alternative to Petrodiesel.J Pet Environ Biotechnol,5, e122. Martnez, G., Snchez, N., Encinar, J. M., Gonzlez, J. F. (2014). Fuel properties of biodiesel from vegetable oils and oil mixtures. Influence of methyl esters distribution.Biomass and Bioenergy,63, 22-32. Martinez-Guerra, E., Gude, V. G. (2014). Transesterification of waste vegetable oil under pulse sonication using ethanol, methanol and ethanolmethanol mixtures.Waste Management,34(12), 2611-2620. Maddikeri, G. L., Gogate, P. R., Pandit, A. B. (2014). Intensified synthesis of biodiesel using hydrodynamic cavitation reactors based on the interesterification of waste cooking oil.Fuel,137, 285-292. Muralidharan, K. (2014). Theoretical and experimental investigation on a variable compression ratio engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel. Mahesh, S. E., Ramanathan, A., Begum, K. M. S., Narayanan, A. (2015). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KBr impregnated CaO as catalyst.Energy Conversion and Management,91, 442-450. Ciriminna, R., Pina, C. D., Rossi, M., Pagliaro, M. (2014). Understanding the glycerol market.European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology,116(10), 1432-1439. Haigh, K. F., Vladisavljevi, G. T., Reynolds, J. C., Nagy, Z., Saha, B. (2014). Kinetics of the pre-treatment of used cooking oil using Novozyme 435 for biodiesel production.Chemical Engineering Research and Design,92(4), 713-719. Mohammadshirazi, A., Akram, A., Rafiee, S., Bagheri Kalhor, E. (2014). Energy and cost analyses of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,33, 44-49. Osawa, W. O., Onyari, J. M., Sahoo, P. K., Mulaa, F. J. (2014). Process optimization for production of biodiesel from croton oil using two-stage process.IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology,8(11), 49-54. Talkit, K. M., Mahajan, D. T. (2014). Experimental Investigation on the Fuel Properties of Soybean Oil and Groundnut Oil Biodiesels and its Blends with Acetone. Hassani, M., Najafpour, G. D., Mohammadi, M., Rabiee, M. (2014). Preparation, Characterization and Application of Zeolite-based Catalyst for Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil.Journal of Scientific Industrial Research,73(2), 129-133. Ahmad, A. L., Yasin, N. M., Derek, C. J. C., Lim, J. K. (2014). Kinetic studies and thermodynamics of oil extraction and transesterification of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production.Environmental technology,35(7), 891-897. Alhassan, F. H., Rashid, U., Taufiq-Yap, Y. H. (2015). Synthesis of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel via effectual recyclable bi-functional Fe 2 O 3 MnO SO 4 2/ZrO 2 nanoparticle solid catalyst.Fuel,142, 38-45. Pukale, D. D., Maddikeri, G. L., Gogate, P. R., Pandit, A. B., Pratap, A. P. (2014). Ultrasound assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil using heterogeneous solid catalyst.Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. Li, M., Zheng, Y., Chen, Y., Zhu, X. (2014). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a heterogeneous catalyst from pyrolyzed rice husk.Bioresource technology,154, 345-348.

Sample Master Application Essay - Learn How to Use One

Sample Master Application Essay - Learn How to Use OneSample Master Application Essay is available in two forms. They can be purchased as a pack of two or as an individual Essay which will also have other sample applications included. This is so that you do not have to purchase them all at once, making it easy for you to get a set.With a few clicks on the internet, you can browse through the internet for multiple sample application essays. Then pick and choose the ones that you like. Although many of these Essays will contain the same information, the ones that have been compiled for the older versions may have been updated and have been adapted for today's application, making them even more useful.What makes this even better is that each one of these sample application essays is specifically written for the students of that particular school. The quality of the writer is usually judged by their ability to write a coherent essay. When using one of these Essays, they should always rem ember that the college has guidelines that govern how they should construct the essay.Writing sample Essays is also something that can be very time consuming. It takes several hours to complete one of these Essays, depending on how extensive the subject matter and style of writing are. Also, unless they are all perfect, there will be times when some parts of the essay may have to be changed due to the change in the curriculum. This could result in hours of rewriting the essay.By using a wide variety of different Essays, you can choose the one that fits you best. These Essays are used by individuals, and as such, will not contain the mistakes of the most of the people. In addition, when using these Essays, individuals can have the freedom to use more than one Essay. They can include the Essay in a series of Essays and make it a combination.The best way to get the Essay is to get one of the master's application essay books. These Essays contain almost all the Essays that are available from every school. This makes it easy for you to find the type of essay that you need to apply to your school.You can write your own personal thesis or to write about any topic you may have been interested in in the past. When using an Essay, it is important to try to focus on your subject rather than yourself. You will not be able to get into the college you want if you focus on your ego.

Importance of Innovation free essay sample

Nevertheless, for the purposes of this study, it is important to have a clear framework that captures the core of the academic definitions and matches this with the reality of business practices. This is drawn out from the iterate as follows. 2. 1. 1 Diversity Diversity can be defined from a policy and legal perspective across 6 clear demographic strands: gender, age, race ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion beliefs, and disability. This demographic and non-cognitive definition has now become broadly accepted as the core legal understanding across the European union.For businesses, large and small across Europe, this deflation Is to greater or lesser extent embraced In their policies and practices dependent on the specific legislation in each country and their own willingness to engage with diversity as an issue in its own right. Many will also add other non-cognitive considerations, most commonly nationality, to this definition. Yet, in understanding the significance of diversity for innovation it is also important to go beyond the purely demographic definition, to get under the surface of this strand specific approach and consider the learned aspects of difference. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The learning styles and attributes of Individuals and even communities include different knowledge acquisition, and communication styles, educational history, personal skills, professional abilities and functional expertise. Businesses also recognize this dimension to diversity, particularly in elation to innovation, as for example some will seek to bring together cross- functional teams to encourage the generation of new ideas. In reviewing the literature as well as the policies of successful companies what Is revealed Is a complex Interplay between the different dimensions of diversity as defined above and the understanding of deliverers role in Innovation. While the focus of this study will be on the demographic definition, this is not to the exclusion of the cognitive/learned dimension. 2. 1. 2 Innovation Innovation, meanwhile, is also a multidimensional term, displaying subjective and objective traits.Subjective traits of innovation Include the processes of creativity and Orlando thinking, the communication of creative and original thinking to others, and the uptake of those ideas by others. Here thinking relates to all areas of company activity, including everyday operations and problems, through the research and development of new or existing products, to the sourcing of new suppliers and expansion into new markets. Objective traits of innovation include the structures within which such ideas are thought about, transmitted to, and taken up by others, ND the output and outcome In terms of definable benefits.The success that a subjective raw materials of innovation creative thinking by individuals or groups can be harnessed by the objective structures of innovation. For the purposes of this study, innovation is best defined as the generation and introduction of new ideas, which lead to the development of new products and services, processes, and systems in all areas of business activity. In relation to diversity, then, subjective innovation might be said to stem from the cognitive diversity that visible and non-visible forms of diversity imply.However, the ability of diverse individuals to communicate creative and original thinking to others, and the willingness of those others to listen and respond to such ideas, might be constrained by institutional and non-institutional forms of discriminati on, including the degree to which the company has a culture of inclusion and the objective structures of organizations within which creative and innovative thinking takes place. As such, any attempt at encouraging latent creativity and innovation within and through diverse workforces must be linked with wider management processes and practices in the businesses of themselves.

Ethical Issues in Supply Chain

Ethical Issues in Supply Chain Introduction Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the integration of critical business operations in order to efficiently provide products and services to customers (Tariq Rehman, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in Supply Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relationships along the supply chain generally tend to show how collaborating companies come together to offer reliable services that enable them retain their customers. Zaratà ©, Belaud and Camilleri (2008), defined a supply chain as a set of three or more companies linked together by the flow of products, finance, services, and information in an ideally seamless web. In the supply chain, companies move things, make things, store things, and throw things away. It is a part of an organization’s strategy to stay ahead of its competitors. Supply chain management thus has to do with the integration of both ethical and operational practic es of a company and is a proven way to reduce the chances of a company being seen to be irresponsible. This paper addresses the general nature of a supply chain as a human artifact with the potential for greatness and for failure like any other. The exact nature of the possible failures and successes are discussed, and the ethical issues are highlighted with regard to finance, research and development, and supplier/vendor management. E-commerce and Supply Chain Today, supply chain is widely recognized as a means of shortening cycle time, reducing inventories, decreasing logistic costs, and streamlining communication processes across a network. It is a mechanism through which diverse organizations are able to form alliances to meet a new form of Internet oriented consumer demand. For companies intending to take their supply chain to positions of market leadership, the addition of e-commerce services is a distinct advantage (Poirier Bauer, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For many firms, e-commerce provides a strong foundation on which the supply chain can be built and strengthened. The availability of the Internet infrastructure and accompanying services present an incredible opportunity for companies to form supply chain networks that are smooth and effective. According to Ferrell and Hartline (2010), the goal of a supply chain is to facilitate the flow of goods or services across a network. This is, however, best achieved by ensuring that there is a smooth flow of information. Without an effective way of exchanging information, supply chain performance will be affected. E-commerce is thus an effective means of integrating customers and suppliers via the Web. Ethical Issues in Supply Chain According to Ferrell and Hartline (2010), true supply chain integration requires a fundamental change in how channel members work together. Among th ese changes is a move from a win-lose competitive attitude to a win-win collaborative approach in which there is a common realization that all firms in the supply chain must prosper. Rather than selling to the next level in the chain, channel members focus on selling products through the channel, to a satisfied customer. Information flows are meant to move from guarded secrecy to open, honest and frequent communications (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). In doing this, however, there are many ethical issues that must be addressed in order to satisfy the expectations of supply chain members. Generally, ethical questions center on whether actions are right or wrong, good or bad, bringing good or harm, are praise worthy or worthy of blame.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in Supply Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Achieving a high degree of channel integration is a challenging task and the reasons for this are almost easily noticeable. In the first place, each firm has its own mission, goals, objectives, and strategies that are unique to it. Secondly, the recognition and acceptance of mutual interdependence within the supply chain goes against our natural self interest seeking tendencies (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). The following subsections look at some of these issues classified into three broad categories. Under each category, ethical issues are discussed with regard to the topics of finance, research and development, and supplier/vendor management. Regulatory Issues Financially, adherence to accounting rules and regulations is an important regulatory issue. It is wrong for any supply chain member to indulge in any form of corruption that may affect other supply chain members. Supply chain management professionals must therefore take it upon themselves to alert senior management of any suspicious activities that could affect supply chain performance. As far as research and developmen t is concerned, all the supply chain members have an obligation to ensure that relevant regulatory guidelines are followed strictly. Although compliance with product related regulations such as the EU directive on restriction of hazardous substances is primarily the responsibility of manufacturing departments, supply chain professionals must ensure that their research and development activities do not go against such directives.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also necessary for supply chain professionals to be aware of the main regulatory issues raised by the existing diversity of regulations in different countries. The geographic range of governmental regulation extends from planning commissions via regional, state, and national governments to global and intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations or European Union. A recent example of an international, intergovernmental agreement of relevance to supply chains is the Kyoto Protocol which entered into force in 2005. The protocol established binding requirements for the reduction of certain green house gas emissions at national, and consequently, at company level. With regard to supplier/vendor management, it is the responsibility of each member of the supply chain to ensure that all regulatory issues are observed. In most countries, regulatory issues have to do with carriage and handling of goods, employment and working conditions, road safety, drivers’ hours, health and safety, pollution prevention, environmental protection, noise protection and many others. Besides these complexities, there is also a growing variety of regulatory instruments directly or indirectly related to logistics and transport. These include laws, directives, technical specifications, bans, and rules. To guarantee that the supply chain relationship operates smoothly, all members of the chain must be accountable. Every member should seek to protect the interests of other supply chain members and any company that refuses to comply with the regulatory requirements should be warned. Legal Issues Financially, any disagreements that end up in the courts will lead to huge financial loses to the involved parties. Such misunderstandings eventually damage the reputation of the affected supply chain partners in the eyes of the public. In most cases, small firms in the supply chain are made to suffer if the big firms decide to make nasty decisions (Zaratà © et al, 2008). Con sider the case of a manufacturer who operates through a dealer network. If the manufacturer chooses to distribute through its own factory outlets in addition to the dealer network, a number of ethical issues with financial implications may arise. The dealer may, for example, start distributing products from other firms in addition, switch completely to another manufacturer, move to court in case the involved parties had a contract signed and there is proof that the other party has not honored their part of the deal. This is certainly not inspiring and, depending on the dealer’s power in the market, the company may have a reason to be worry as the dealer may decide to respond in a way that may harm the company. With their meager resources, small firms may not be in a position to engage in lengthy legal tussles. Any involvement by such firms in legal wars will only serve to create financial problems. Under research and development, all supply chain members must be ready to abid e by the agreed upon rules. Any research and development activities must be undertaken in line with the existing legal requirements. Supply chain professionals must be familiar with legal requirements in different geographical areas so as to ensure that any research done does not put the supply chain members at risk. A common error is the lack of respect for intellectual property rights. This is a crime that if discovered could prompt the offended party to open a legal suit against the offending supply chain member. It is therefore essential for all supply chain members to respect and protect intellectual property rights. When it comes to supplier/vendor management, all supply chain members must do their best to protect any private information linked to a particular chain partner. In most situations, leakage of private information easily creates an environment of mistrust and this can affect the performance of the supply chain. Although there are cases where it is common for private information to be shared among members of the supply chain, including those who are competitors of the firm that gave the information, this may sometimes be taken wrongly. Therefore, it is important for supply chain members to know when it is in order to share private information and when doing so will constitute a serious criminal offence that could see the end of the supply chain relationship and give rise to a civil law suit (Zaratà © et al, 2008). Ethical Issues For most firms, a reduction in the number of employees is an important cost cutting element. There are, however, ethical and unethical ways of going about the downsizing task. The less ethical way is an abrupt shutdown of a facility without notice (Neef, 2004). If not handled ethically, this can lead to a damaged reputation for the company. As an example, Caterpillar has never recovered from the local loss of reputation it incurred in the United Kingdom from its abrupt closure of a factory. It is important to treat peo ple as an end in themselves and never just as a means to an end (Zaratà © et al, 2008). A firm that understands the art of dealing with people will seek to remove them by redeployment, by voluntary release supported by a payout, by providing counseling and consultancy and, perhaps by providing an office and a phone to assist them in their job search. A reputation for being a good employer in bad times is likely to give firm a great advantage when business picks up again (Neef, 2004). Clearly, the way downsizing is carried out will have severe financial implications on the supply chain members. Unfortunately, a mistake by one member of the supply chain may equally affect other supply chain members. When a downsizing activity is not properly handled by a particular chain member, the smoothness of the supply chain operations may be interfered with and may be left in an unhappy state. This in turn creates a wrong impression of the affected companies in the eyes of the customers and eve ntually, loss of income to the supply chain members. It is therefore important for all supply chain members to take a human approach in handling issues that may eventually interfere with cash flow. Unlike in the past, business organizations are today faced with pressure from various sources including government, consumer forums, and competition to improve upon working conditions in their supply chain. As far as research and development is concerned, supply chain professionals must ensure that all supply chain members undertake their activities in a selfless manner. Every supply chain member must carry out honest research that is directed towards ensuring that the customer receives the best products or services. No avenues should exist for supply chain members to take advantage of and carry out substandard research. At the supplier/vendor management level, a number of issues may arise given that supply chain members possess different resources, skills, and advantages that may lead to varying degrees of authority or power in managing or controlling the activities across a supply chain. Depending on how it is used by a channel member, power can create considerable conflict, or it can make the entire supply chain operate more smoothly and effectively. The different types of power include expert power, reward power, legitimate power, coercive power, and referent power (Rendtorff, 2009). It is unethical for any supply chain member to use power to treat others unfairly. Conclusion In the present business environment, where stiff competition is the order of the day, it is not enough to be an ethical company. The choice of partners is equally an important consideration and must be taken seriously. Generally, the adoption of ethical practices may have positive effects on brand image, perception and loyalty both in customers and in suppliers. Failure to have ethical policies or to apply them in practice exposes members of the supply chain to significant risks with respec t to both brand perception and legal issues. As has been demonstrated in this paper, a number of ethical issues must be considered in a supply chain context. To protect themselves from allegations of social irresponsibility, organizations need to consider very carefully those companies they do business with. Although carrying out a thorough financial audit of potential partners is important, any firm that intends to form a supply chain must be ready to go an extra mile in understanding partners. Focusing only on financial viability of a potential partner may ultimately have an adverse impact on the operations of a supply chain member. To some stakeholders, effective management of the issues in supply chain is one of the indicators of how well a company is ethically run. Supply chain members are therefore left with no option but to work extremely hard in ensuring that an effective and ethically managed supply chain exists. By so doing, the collaborating companies will be able to reta in their loyal customers and attract new customers. References Ferrell, O. C. Hartline, M. (2010). Marketing Strategy. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Neef, D. (2004). The Supply Chain Imperative. New York, NY: AMACOM Division of American Management Association. Poirier, C. C. Bauer, M. J. (2001). 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